Optical fiber with porous cladding

ABSTRACT

Improving the light-transmitting efficiency of a clad lightconducting fiber by minimizing core-cladding interfacial defects. Elongated open channels extending longitudinally of the fiber are formed within the cladding to cushion the expansion of gases existing and/or created along the fiber core-cladding interface during fabrication of the fiber.

1' "a n a United St Siegmund Nov. 18, 1975 [5 OPTICAL FIBER WITH POROUS 3.646.472 2/1972 Cooper et al. 350/96 wo x CLADDING 3,678,328 7/1972 Cross et al. 350/96 B X [75] Inventor: Walter P. Siegmund, Woodstock,

Conn Primary Examiner-David H. Rubin Attorney, Agent, or Firm-H. R. Berkenstock, Jr.; [73] Assigneez American Optical Corporation, w m Nealon Southbridge, Mass.

[22] Filed: Aug. 28, 1972 [57] ABSTRACT [211 App! 284l89 Improving the light-transmitting efficiency of a clad light-conducting fiber by minimizing core-cladding in- [52] US. Cl. 350/96 R; 65/3 terfacial defects. Elongated open channels extending [5i] Int. Cl. G02B 5/14 longitudinally of the fiber are formed within the clad- [58] Field of Search 350/96 R, 96 B, 96 W6 ding to cushion the expansion of gases existing and/or created along the fiber core-cladding interface during [56] References Cited fabrication of the fiber.

UNITED STATES PATENTS 8 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures 3,278.283 10/1966 Bazinet 350/96 B X OPTICAL FIBER WITH POROUS CLADDING BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention Fiber optics with particular reference to improvements in the construction and method of making clad light-conducting fibers.

2. Description of the Prior Art A serious problem in fiber optics is the occurrence of blemishes in cores of clad optical fibers which result from gas bubbles along their core-cladding interfaces. Indentation of fiber cores by the expansion of entrapped gases during fabrication of the fibers causes deflection or scattering of substantial amounts of light at their respective core-cladding interfaces with an attending loss through sides of the fibers and the consequence of significantly reduced end-to-end transmissron.

The use of softer or lower melting temperature second cladding material for the usual purpose of avoiding distortion of overall fiber shape as explained in US. Pat. No. 3,253,896, has little, if any, influence upon the reduction of fiber core gas bubble distortion unless the soft cladding material is used immediately adjacent to the fiber core as suggested in US. Pat. No. 3,653,739, for example. Even so, these materials alone lack cushioning capabilities sufficient to overcome the full distortion effect of entrapped or induced interfacial gases upon optical fiber cores.

The present invention has for an objective the avoidance of fiber core distortion in the manufacture of clad optical fibers and devices formed thereof. The invention is applicable to all useful fiber cladding materials whether characteristically softer or of similar softening points to those of fiber core materials with which they are used.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention accomplishes its objective by producing a porous relatively low refractive index cladding upon the normal higher refractive index cores of optical fibers. The cladding in each case has a series of open channels extending along its length.

Whether the cladding material has a softening temperature which is lower or similar to that of the fiber core material, the main cushioning effect thereof is provided by the atmosphere or partial vacuum within the channels. This, in conjunction with its relatively thin surrounding walls of cladding material permits the walls to readily flex inwardly against or into the cushioning atmosphere of the channels in response to interfacial gas bubble pressure during fabrication of this fiber. This preferential distortion of cladding material prevents indentation or surface distortion of the relatively heavy mass of fiber core material. A fiber cladding of lower softening temperature material than that of its respective core will enhance the cushioning of interfacial bubbles.

The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a diagrammatic illustration of a method of drawing optical fiber from an assembly of fiber core and cladding materials;

FIG. 2 illustrates a greatly enlarged transverse crosssection of the assembly of materials taken along line 22 of FIG. 1 and from which a fiber may be drawn according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a similarly greatly enlarged transverse crosssectional view of a fiber drawn from the assembly of components shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the cross-section being taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a still further enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the fiber shown in FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrating a principle feature of the invention in overcoming prior art problems of fiber core distortion; and

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a prior art glass-clad glass optical fiber illustrating interfacial defects of the type dealt with and overcome by the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference to the drawings, it can be seen that this invention relates to the manufacture of optical fibers having cores of high refractive index material surrounded by claddings of lower refractive index material which, together, produce an internally reflective corecladding interface making the resulting fiber conductive to light according to the well known principles of total internal reflection. For those interested in details of these principles, reference may be made to US. Pat. Nos. 2,825,260; 3,395,994 and 3,653,739.

It will also become more readily apparent hereinafter that this invention is especially applicable to the manufacture of glass optical fibers but not to the exclusion of fibers formed of other'materials including fused quartz and plastics.

Exemplary of the types of fiber making techniques and processes to which the improvement of this invention is particularly applicable are those shown and described in US. Pat. Nos. 2,980,957 and 3,037,241 wherein a fiber core material in rod form is placed within a sleeve or tube of fiber cladding material to form an assembly which may be heated and drawn to fiber size.

While vacuum has been applied between rod and tube components of such as the aforementioned prior art assemblies, and special care has been taken for initiating and maintaining cleanliness of external and internal surfaces of the rod and tube components during processing, the entrappment of gases and outgasing of fiber core or cladding materials and/or foreign matter thereon during fusion has been found to be unavoidable. Thus gas bubble interfacial blemishes have heretofore continued to create serious problems of high scrap yield and generally inferior end product results in clad optical fiber production.

This blemish problem is illustrated in FIG. 5 of the present drawings for purposes of more clearly illustrating the novel and improved end result of the present invention.

Referring more particularly to FIG. 5, gas bubbles b of various exemplary, but somewhat exagerated, sizes and shapes are illustrated along interface i between core 10 and cladding 12 of prior art fiber F. These entrapped bubbles b create indentations or depressions 14 in the surface of core 10 which indentations are of irregular shapes and sizes corresponding to the overall bubble shape and size.

As it is well known in the fiber optic art and explained in the aforementioned exemplary US. patents, a smooth internally reflective surface along an optical fiber core 10 is required for optimum transmission of light therealong by total internal reflection. With each incidence of a ray of light against interface i, its continued conductance through fiber F requires that it reflect from interface i within the critical angle of reflection for the particular interface. Thus, for exemplary rays r (FIG. normally directed toward interface i within its critical angle of reflection, the striking of these rays r against the imperfections of indentations 14 caused by gas bubbles b scatters these rays r in directions outwardly of, or beyond the normal critical angle of reflection for interface i. This scattering is depicted with arrows r representing light rays which become lost through sides of fiber F as stray light, thereby diminishing end-to-end transmission of light through core of fiber F.

According to the present invention, it is contemplated that clad optical fibers be formed by generally conventional assembling and drawing techniques, one of which is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. I. Therein, assembly 16 includes a central rod 18 (FIG. 2) of a suitable relatively high refractive index light-conducting material (e.g. optical flint glass having a refractive index of approximately 1.75). Immediately adjoining rod 18 and extending along the full length of its sides are tubes 20 of a lower refractive index cladding material which are held in place by an outer surrounding sleeve 22 preferably formed of the same material as that used for tubes 20 (e.g. crown glass having a refractive index of approximately 1.52).

The assembly 16 is suspended in the usual manner above a suitable, preferably annular, heating element 24, heated and drawn longitudinally into fiber 26. Those interested in greater details of the apparatus and procedure normally used for drawing optical fiber as just described may refer to the aforementioned US. Pat. Nos. 2,980,957 and 3,037,241.

Fiber 26, as shown in FIG. 3, comprises the fused combination of all components 18, 20 and 22 in substantially proportionate dimensions and shapes but all considerably reduced in size. Tubes 20 and sleeve 22, preferably being of identical materials, produce an amorphous outer cladding 28 having pores 30 extending therethrough in corresponding positional relationship to lumens 20' of tubes 20 in assembly 16. Cladding 28 is fused to core 32 of fiber 26 thereby forming internally reflective interface i The purpose and function of pores 30 can best be understood by reference to FIG. 4 when considered with the already described illustration of prior art fiber F in FIG. 5.

In the case of fiber 26 (FIG. 4), entrapped gas bnbbles 14 which have been shown in corresponding positions, shapes and sizes to exemplary bubbles I4 of FIG. 5, are prevented from causing appreciable, if any, indentation of outer surface 34 of fiber core 32 by a cushioning effect afforded by pores 30 in cladding 28. These pores 30 allow their relatively thin, low mass walls to expand or become pushed into them with considerably less force of bubble gas pressure than would be required to indent surface 34 of core 32. Thus, exemplary light rays r" which are similar to rays r of FIG. 5, will strike the bubble l4 gas-core 32 portion of interface i within the critical angle of reflection of this interface and become reflected back internally of core 32 for continued transmission through fiber 26 and enhanced transmission of light.

The cushioning effect of pores 30 may become manifested in various ways, three of which have been shown in FIG. 4. In one case, a gas bubble b may merely deflect part of the cladding material 28 into an adjacent pore 30 as shown in the illustration of the uppemiost gas bubble in FIG. 4. Alternatively, a bubble b may rupture the relatively thin section of cladding material 28 causing the bubble gas to escape into pore 30 as shown in centerrnost bubble of the FIG. 4 illustration. Still another effect is shown in the lowermost illustration of the largest bubble in FIG. 4 wherein the much larger interfacial gas bubbles may be cushioned by two or more pores 30 which yield to indentation of sections of cladding material 28 toward and into both with or without rupturing of the material 28. In all cases, outer surface 34 of core 32 is maintained substantially undistorted for optimum transmission of light by total internal reflection therealong either by the effect of a relatively high-to-low refractive index differential of coreclad material or a similar relatively high-to-low refractive index differential of core-air or gas interface at location of bubbles b.

It should be understood that fibers 26 formed according to this invention are readily adaptable to bundling together and use in all of the various fiber optic devices of the trade. While fibers of circular cross-section and having pores 30 also circular in cross-section have been shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration, it should be understood that rectangular, hexagonal and any or all of other cross-sectional shapes used in the art may be fabricated according to principles of this invention. The invention is not to be limited to any particular one or more cross-sectional shapes nor to the circular shape of pores 30 which may, alternatively, be rectilinear in either circular or rectilinearly shaped fibers.

Bundling of any of the aforementioned types of fibers together in the fabrication of devices requiring vacuum tightness would be no exception to their use in the fiber optic devices. Pores 30 of fibers 26 would automatically become closed and sealed during the usual fiber bundle compressing operation used in the making of most vacuum tight fiber optic plates and other such devices.

I claim:

I. A clad light-conducting fiber comprising:

a core of high refractive index light-conducting material; and

a relatively thin substantially uniform thickness of cladding material of relatively low refractive index surrounding said core, said cladding material containing a series of channels extending longitudinally throughout at least a major portion of its length and said core and cladding material being interfacially interconnected for transmitting light through said fiber by total internal reflection along said interfacial connection.

2. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are disposed intermediately of the thickness of said cladding material.

3. An optical fiber according to claim I wherein said interconnected combination of core and cladding materials is approximately circular in cross-section.

4. An optical fiber according to claim I wherein said interconnected combination of core and cladding materials is rectilinear in cross-sectional configuration.

5. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are circular in cross-sectional shape.

6. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are rectilinear in crosssectional shape.

7. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are closed and sealed throughout at least one cross-section of said optical fiber.

8. A heated and drawn clad internally light-conductive fiber having a core of high refractive index lightconducting material, a relatively thin cladding of lower refractive index material fused to said core and said core having a smooth unindented outer surface forming an internally light-reflective face of said fiber along said cladding wherein said fiber is adaptable to reworking in fiber heating and drawing operations without damage 6 to said surface of said core by the improvement of: said cladding being of substantially uniform thickness and containing a multiplicity of cushioning spaces extending longitudinally throughout at least a major portion of the length of said fiber, said spaces permitting preferential distortion of said cladding material away from said surface of said core in response to interfacial outgassing of said core and cladding materials during said reworking of said fiber whereby said smooth unindented outer surface of said core and internally light-reflective face of said fiber are protected against damaging effects of said outgassing and conduction of light through said fiber by total internal reflection along said light reflecting face of said fiber is optimized. 

1. A clad light-conducting fiber comprising: a core of high refractive index light-conducting material; and a relatively thin substantially uniform thickness of cladding material of relatively low refractive index surrounding said core, said cladding material containing a series of channels extending longitudinally throughout at least a major portion of its length and said core and cladding material being interfacially interconnected for transmitting light through said fiber by total internal reflection along said interfacial connection.
 2. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are disposed intermediately of the thickness of said cladding material.
 3. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said interconnected combination of core and cladding materials is approximately circular in cross-section.
 4. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said interconnected combination of core and cladding materials is rectilinear in cross-sectional configuration.
 5. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are circular in cross-sectional shape.
 6. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are rectilinear in cross-sectional shape.
 7. An optical fiber according to claim 1 wherein said open channels are closed and sealed throughout at least one cross-section of said optical fiber.
 8. A heated and drawn clad internally light-conductive fiber having a core of high refractive index light-conducting material, a relatively thin cladding of lower refractive index material fused to said core and said core having a smooth unindented outer surface forming an internally light-reflective face of said fiber along said cladding wherein said fiber is adaptable to reworking in fiber heating and drawing operations without damage to said surface of said core by the improvement of: said cladding being of substantially uniform thickness and containing a multiplicity of cushioning spaces extending longitudinally throughout at least a major portion of the length of said fiber, said spaces permitting preferential distortion of said cladding material away from said surface of said core in response to interfacial outgassing of said core and cladding materials during said reworking of said fiber whereby said smooth unindented outer surface of said core and internally light-reflective face of said fiber are protected against damaging effects of said outgassing and conduction of light through said fiber by total internal reflection along said light reflecting face of said fiber is optimized. 